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The Python Debugger Pdb
=======================
To use the debugger in its simplest form:
>>> import pdb
>>> pdb.run('')
The debugger's prompt is '(Pdb) '. This will stop in the first
function call in .
Alternatively, if a statement terminated with an unhandled exception,
you can use pdb's post-mortem facility to inspect the contents of the
traceback:
>>>
>>> import pdb
>>> pdb.pm()
The commands recognized by the debugger are listed in the next
section. Most can be abbreviated as indicated; e.g., h(elp) means
that 'help' can be typed as 'h' or 'help' (but not as 'he' or 'hel',
nor as 'H' or 'Help' or 'HELP'). Optional arguments are enclosed in
square brackets. Alternatives in the command syntax are separated
by a vertical bar (|).
A blank line repeats the previous command literally, except for
'list', where it lists the next 11 lines.
Commands that the debugger doesn't recognize are assumed to be Python
statements and are executed in the context of the program being
debugged. Python statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation
point ('!'). This is a powerful way to inspect the program being
debugged; it is even possible to change variables or call functions.
When an exception occurs in such a statement, the exception name is
printed but the debugger's state is not changed.
The debugger supports aliases, which can save typing. And aliases can
have parameters (see the alias help entry) which allows one a certain
level of adaptability to the context under examination.
Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by the
pair ';;'. No intelligence is applied to separating the commands; the
input is split at the first ';;', even if it is in the middle of a
quoted string.
If a file ".pdbrc" exists in your home directory or in the current
directory, it is read in and executed as if it had been typed at the
debugger prompt. This is particularly useful for aliases. If both
files exist, the one in the home directory is read first and aliases
defined there can be overridden by the local file. This behavior can be
disabled by passing the "readrc=False" argument to the Pdb constructor.
Aside from aliases, the debugger is not directly programmable; but it
is implemented as a class from which you can derive your own debugger
class, which you can make as fancy as you like.
Debugger commands
=================
N)Unionc e Zd ZdZy)RestartzBCauses a debugger to be restarted for the debugged python program.N)__name__
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|| _ w xY w) a: (Pdb) commands [bpnumber]
(com) ...
(com) end
(Pdb)
Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number bpnumber.
The commands themselves are entered on the following lines.
Type a line containing just 'end' to terminate the commands.
The commands are executed when the breakpoint is hit.
To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type commands and
follow it immediately with end; that is, give no commands.
With no bpnumber argument, commands refers to the last
breakpoint set.
You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up
again. Simply use the continue command, or step, or any other
command that resumes execution.
Specifying any command resuming execution (currently continue,
step, next, return, jump, quit and their abbreviations)
terminates the command list (as if that command was
immediately followed by end). This is because any time you
resume execution (even with a simple next or step), you may
encounter another breakpoint -- which could have its own
command list, leading to ambiguities about which list to
execute.
If you use the 'silent' command in the command list, the usual
message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This
may be desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific
message and then continue. If none of the other commands
print anything, you will see no sign that the breakpoint was
reached.
r z.Usage: commands [bnum]
...
endNzcannot set commands: %sTFz(com) r r# z1command definition aborted, old commands restored)lenr r[ r\ intrE get_bpbynumberr r r r r r r r r )r8 r6 bnumerrold_command_defs prompt_backs r do_commandszPdb.do_commands s J s~~001A5D
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t | }Y nxY wY w xY w)a b(reak) [ ([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition] ]
Without argument, list all breaks.
With a line number argument, set a break at this line in the
current file. With a function name, set a break at the first
executable line of that function. If a second argument is
present, it is a string specifying an expression which must
evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.
The line number may be prefixed with a filename and a colon,
to specify a breakpoint in another file (probably one that
hasn't been loaded yet). The file is searched for on
sys.path; the .py suffix may be omitted.
z!Num Type Disp Enb WhereNrJ r r Invalid condition r rI z%r not found from sys.pathzBad lineno: %s__func__zJThe specified object %r is not a function or was not found along sys.path.r zBreakpoint %d at %s:%d)!breaksr r r[ r\ bpformatr' r( _compile_error_messagerE r* rfind lookupmodulerl r evalr r r r ru __code__co_nameco_firstlinenorj lineinfo defaultFile checkline set_break
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is automatically deleted when first hit.
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c1 r c d}|j d }t | dk( r|d j }n$t | dk( r|d j }n|S |dk( r|S |j d }|d dk( r|d= t | dk( r|S | j }t | dk( r|d }n | j |d }|r|}|d }t || } | xs |S ) N)NNN'r r r r` r8 )r$ rk r r rz r' )
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zCheck whether specified line seems to be executable.
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r Nz End of filer r r z"""z'''zBlank or comment)r r linecachegetliner r rE )r8 r" r% r rW r& s r r z
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r c |j }|D ]8 } | j | }|j | j d|z : y# t $ r}| j | Y d}~[d}~ww xY w)zenable bpnumber [bpnumber ...]
Enables the breakpoints given as a space separated list of
breakpoint numbers.
z
Enabled %sN)r$ rm enabler r rE r8 r6 r+ r1 r] ro s r do_enablez
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A A3A..A3c |j }|D ]8 } | j | }|j | j d|z : y# t $ r}| j | Y d}~[d}~ww xY w)aO disable bpnumber [bpnumber ...]
Disables the breakpoints given as a space separated list of
breakpoint numbers. Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot
cause the program to stop execution, but unlike clearing a
breakpoint, it remains in the list of breakpoints and can be
(re-)enabled.
z Disabled %sN)r$ rm disabler r rE r s r
do_disablezPdb.do_disable si yy{A
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a$ condition bpnumber [condition]
Set a new condition for the breakpoint, an expression which
must evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored. If
condition is absent, any existing condition is removed; i.e.,
the breakpoint is made unconditional.
r! r rt r Nr z#Breakpoint %d is now unconditional.z$New condition set for breakpoint %d.Breakpoint number expected)
r$ rx rE
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Q$$T!W]]_5B BG BRYY NO Cbii OP D 5 JJ3 4 JJsOO s/ /B/ "C / B=<B= C? C?$C::C?c |j } t |d j } | j |d j }||_ |dkD r.|dkD rd|z }nd}| j d||j fz y| j d|j z y# d}Y xY w# t $ r | j d Y yt $ r}| j | Y d}~yd}~ww xY w) a ignore bpnumber [count]
Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number. If
count is omitted, the ignore count is set to 0. A breakpoint
becomes active when the ignore count is zero. When non-zero,
the count is decremented each time the breakpoint is reached
and the breakpoint is not disabled and any associated
condition evaluates to true.
r r z %d crossingsz
1 crossingz%Will ignore next %s of breakpoint %d.z-Will stop next time breakpoint %d is reached.r N)
r$ rl r rm ignorer r r rE r )r8 r6 r+ countr] countstrro s r do_ignorez
Pdb.do_ignore s yy{ Q
(E *$$T!W]]_5B BIqy19 - 5H +H D & 2 3 4 L !yy ) *% E 5 JJ3 4 JJsOO s( B* "B3 *B03C2C2C--C2c Z |s t d }|j j }|dv rUt j
j D cg c] }|s| }}| j |D ] }| j d|z yd|v r|j d }|d| }||dz d } t | }| j || dd }| j || }|r| j | yD ] }| j d|z y|j } | D ]9 } | j! | }| j# | | j d|z ; y# t $ r d}Y Zw xY wc c}w # t $ r d|z }Y w xY w# t $ r}| j | Y d}~d}~ww xY w) a. cl(ear) [filename:lineno | bpnumber ...]
With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear
those breakpoints. Without argument, clear all breaks (but
first ask confirmation). With a filename:lineno argument,
clear all breaks at that line in that file.
zClear all breaks? no)yyesz
Deleted %sNrI r zInvalid line number (%s))inputEOFErrorr rR r r[ r\ clear_all_breaksr ry rl r clear_breakr rE r$ rm clear_bpbynumber)
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r do_clearz Pdb.do_clear s
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N)print_stack_traceri s r do_wherez Pdb.do_where' s
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4==1!4
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Move the current frame count (default one) levels up in the
stack trace (to an older frame).
r z Oldest frameNr Invalid frame count (%s))r rE rl r maxr r8 r6 r newframes r do_upz Pdb.do_up; s ==A JJ~ & qME 19H1dmme 34H 8$ JJ1C7 8 s A% % BBc | j dz t | j k( r| j d y t |xs d }|dk rt | j dz
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Move the current frame count (default one) levels down in the
stack trace (to a newer frame).
r z Newest frameNr r )r rk r rE rl r minr r s r do_downz Pdb.do_downP s ==1 DJJ / JJ~ & qME 194::*H3tzz?Q.
0EFH 8$ JJ1C7 8 s B' ' CCc |r7 t | }|| j j k r| j d yd}| j | j | y# t $ r | j d|z Y yw xY w)aO unt(il) [lineno]
Without argument, continue execution until the line with a
number greater than the current one is reached. With a line
number, continue execution until a line with a number greater
or equal to that is reached. In both cases, also stop when
the current frame returns.
Error in argument: %rNz7"until" line number is smaller than current line numberr )rl r rE r f_lineno set_until)r8 r6 r% s r do_untilz Pdb.do_untile s}
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Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion
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r )r ri s r do_stepz Pdb.do_step~ s
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Continue execution until the next line in the current function
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r )set_nextr ri s r do_nextz Pdb.do_next s
dmm$r c |rEddl }t j dd } |j | t _ |t j dd t # t $ r!}| j d|d| Y d}~yd}~ww xY w)a run [args...]
Restart the debugged python program. If a string is supplied
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r Nr z Cannot run r )shlexrJ argvr$ r rE r )r8 r6 r argv0re s r do_runz
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Continue execution until the current function returns.
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Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.
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Set the next line that will be executed. Only available in
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Enter a recursive debugger that steps through the code
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Quit from the debugger. The program being executed is aborted.
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Handles the receipt of EOF as a command.
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Print the argument list of the current function.
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Print the value of the expression.
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Pretty-print the value of the expression.
N)r pprintpformatri s r do_ppz Pdb.do_ppX s
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List source code for the current file. Without arguments,
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argument is less than the first, it is a count.
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List the whole source code for the current function or frame.
N)r r rj r _getsourcelinesr rE r )r8 r6 r" r r r% ro s r do_longlistzPdb.do_longlist s
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Try to get source code for the given object and display it.
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z y |j }|r | j d|j
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Print the type of the argument.
Nz Method %sz Function %szClass r` )
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Delete the specified alias.
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prompt_prefixr r% r s r r zPdb.print_stack_entryr sF $
v DMM !FF V,,\=IJ Kr c |s t j j | | S t | d|z } | S # t $ r t | d|z }Y nw xY w t
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Without argument, print the list of available commands.
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Execute the (one-line) statement in the context of the current
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(Pdb) ! n=42
(Pdb)
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(Pdb)
r N)r help_execr r r7 s r rK z
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r s r r r 2 s 7F#r c 6 t j | i |S )zCall the function (a function or method object, not a string)
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)r r )r+ kwdss r r r 6 s 35==$ '$ ''r )headerc t }| |j | |j t j j
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an assertion fails). If given, *header* is printed to the console
just before debugging begins.
N)r r r rJ _getframef_back)r pdbs r r r @ s9 %C
FCMM#--/(()r c | "t j }| |j } | t d t }|j |j
d| y)zEnter post-mortem debugging of the given *traceback* object.
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NzAA valid traceback must be passed if no exception is being handled)rJ r
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r r testr q s Lr c 6 dd l } | j t y r) )pydocpagerr )r s r r r u s KKr a usage: pdb.py [-c command] ... [-m module | pyfile] [arg] ...
Debug the Python program given by pyfile. Alternatively,
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